La magnitud de las reservas de crudo no-convencional de Estados Unidos, la organización de su industria y el permanente desarrollo tecnológico, presagian que el actual nivel de producción de este hidrocarburo se puede mantener y aumentar en respuesta a las condiciones del mercado, señala un reciente informe del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) que, sin embargo, no considera el riesgo medioambiental de este nuevo modelo de producción hidrocarburífera.


El documento, previo a la reciente reunión de Doha, y que pasa revista a la presente crisis de los precios del petróleo, acusa al shock permanente de oferta de este combustible, como la causa mayor para estar confrontando esta situación que se inicia a finales del tercer trimestre de 2014, que se acentúa a lo largo de 2015 y continúa en los primeros meses de 2016.

“El shock de oferta se origina en un aumento sostenido de la producción de Estados Unidos a partir de 2008 que ha aumentado en más de 85% en los últimos siete años y vuelve a ser el primer productor mundial de petróleo”, señala este balance de la impronta norteamericana  de los shales que ha removido el tablero de los precios de los hidrocarburos con resultados para muchos todavía imprevisibles, en base a una combinación novedosa de tecnologías conocidas.

Reconoce que este shock de oferta aumenta en la medida que la OPEP no ha reducido su producción para acomodar la incremental norteamericana, desatando una guerra de precios con la idea de mantener espacios de mercado a partir del último trimestre del año pasado.

Por tanto, considera que en la medida que el nivel actual de precios cubre costos operacionales, la producción del resto del mundo tampoco ha disminuido, agravando la situación de sobreoferta.

Concluyentemente, ante un colapso de precios, que se origina en un escenario de sobreoferta, la producción mundial de petróleo lejos de disminuir ha aumentado, que es precisamente el caso de Estados Unidos y la OPEP.

El análisis del BID, que no difiere de muchos análisis sobre esta situación, muestra su acuerdo en que la desaceleración de la economía mundial y con ella la de la demanda de petróleo, han agudizado el colapso de los precios pero adelanta que el raquitismo en los precios seguirá muy débil, “al menos en 2016, por la holgura que hay en algunos países de la OPEP y el altísimo de nivel de inventarios comerciales”.

La reunión de Doha que el pasado domingo reunió a representantes de varios países productores de petróleo con miras a congelar la extracción, ha terminado en un rotundo fracaso y ratifica esta lectura. En efecto, la exigencia saudí de que Irán se uniera al plan y la negativa de este último, evitó que las negociaciones en ese sentido prosperaran puesto que los iraníes quieren recuperar su cuota de producción histórica.

Por el momento, sigue habiendo una sobreoferta de petróleo acumulado en el mundo y no existe la intención de modificar este escenario por parte de los países productores de la OPEP,  convencidos de que un incremento en el precio del barril más allá de los 50 dólares, permitiría revitalizar la producción de esquistos en Estados Unidos. Parece ser que la jugada por neutralizar las hegemonías alrededor de la producción de hidrocarburos, a partir de los no convencionales, está funcionando pero no del todo y no se avizora una reducción de la oferta para reequilibrar el mercado norteamericano y menos el mercado global.

Tiempos difíciles, ¿verdad?

FUENTE: EL DÍA  



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